Start with 'equal parts of a whole'
Before any notation, build the idea that a fraction is equal parts of one whole. Fold paper, share a pizza, cut a sandwich , the parts must be equal. Only then introduce the words numerator (how many parts) and denominator (how many equal parts the whole is split into).
Use lots of visual models
Shade shapes, use fraction strips and number lines. Seeing 1/2, 2/4 and 4/8 line up exactly shows what equivalent fractions mean far better than a rule about multiplying top and bottom.
Teach the meaning before the procedures
- Comparing: a bigger denominator means more, smaller pieces.
- Equivalent fractions: the same amount, cut into different numbers of pieces.
- Adding with the same denominator first (count the pieces), before different denominators.
Common mistakes
- Adding denominators (1/2 + 1/2 is not 2/4).
- Thinking 1/8 is bigger than 1/4 because 8 is bigger.
- Forgetting the parts have to be equal.